Self-harm—also known as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)—is the intentional act of hurting yourself without suicidal intent. Common forms include cutting, burning, scratching, bruising, and hitting yourself. Although the goal is not suicide, self-harm significantly increases the risk of suicidal thoughts and attempts if left untreated.
Warning Signs of Self-Harm
If you’re concerned that your child, partner, or loved one may be self-harming, look for these red flags:
Visible Scars or Wounds
- Fresh cuts or marks on the wrists, arms, thighs, stomach, or hips
- Wounds that appear clustered or uniform—a sign of deliberate injury
- Missing or overused first-aid supplies
Hiding the Body
- Wearing long sleeves or pants even in hot weather
- Avoiding situations where their skin might be visible
Sensitivity to Touch
- Flinching or pulling away when touched near injury sites
- Acting protective over certain areas of their body
Isolation or Secretive Behavior
- Frequently disappearing into the bathroom or bedroom
- Returning visibly distressed afterward
Sharp or Dangerous Objects
- Hidden razor blades, knives, pencil sharpeners, lighters, or sharp jewelry
- If you notice multiple signs, approach your loved one calmly and compassionately.
Why Do People Self-Harm?
Self-harm is not "attention seeking"—it’s usually a coping mechanism for overwhelming emotional pain. Common reasons include:
- Turning emotional pain into physical pain
- Feeling numb and wanting to feel anything
- Regaining a sense of control
- Escaping or distracting from difficult emotions
- Releasing intense anger, grief, stress, or loneliness
- Expressing emotional pain non-verbally
- Coping with trauma or untreated mental health disorders
Self-harm often coexists with depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, substance use disorders, or trauma histories.
Long-Term Effects of Self-Harm
Without treatment, self-harm can lead to:
- Permanent scarring
- Nerve damage or infections
- Chronic shame, guilt, and emotional distress
- Increasing intensity of injuries over time
- Social withdrawal and relationship problems
- Increased risk of suicide attempts
- Development of a self-harm addiction
How to Help Someone Who Self-Harms
Approach them with empathy—not judgment. You can:
- Have a gentle, private conversation
- Listen without criticizing
- Remove or secure objects used for self-injury
- Encourage professional mental health treatment
- Offer ongoing emotional support
- Help them find a therapist or treatment program
They may not open up right away; patience is essential.
Self-Harm Treatment Options
Yes, rehabs and mental health treatment centers do treat self-harm, often alongside depression, trauma, or co-occurring disorders.
Levels of Care
Evidence-Based Therapies for Self-Harm
- Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) One of the most effective treatments—teaches emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and healthy coping skills.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Helps identify and change negative thoughts that trigger self-injury.
- Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) Addresses relationship issues, communication problems, and unresolved conflict.
- Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Combines mindfulness and CBT to help reduce rumination and emotional overwhelm.
- Psychotherapy / Talk Therapy Explores trauma, family dynamics, identity issues, or underlying emotional pain.
- Medication Antidepressants (SSRIs), mood stabilizers, or anti-anxiety medications may help when co-occurring disorders are present.
Most people benefit from a combination of therapy, medication, and ongoing support.
Dual Diagnosis: Self-Harm & Addiction
Self-harm often appears alongside:
Treating both conditions simultaneously is essential for long-term recovery. Over 9 million Americans experience co-occurring disorders, and integrated treatment significantly improves outcomes.
Is Self-Harm a Chronic Condition?
Self-harm does not have to be lifelong. With proper treatment:
- Symptoms decrease
- Emotional stability improves
- Self-harm urges become manageable
- Many individuals fully recover
Recurrence is possible but treatable with support and relapse-prevention skills.
Lifestyle Changes to Support Recovery
- Build a Support Network Stay connected to trusted friends, family, or a support group.
- Create a Safe Environment Remove or secure sharp objects or items used for self-injury.
- Prioritize Sleep Hygiene Poor sleep worsens emotional regulation and impulsivity.
- Reduce Stress Use grounding exercises, journaling, meditation, or breathwork.
- Exercise Regularly Physical movement boosts mood and lowers anxiety.
- Follow a Balanced Diet Stable blood sugar and nutrition support mental clarity and emotional health.
How to Talk to Your Doctor About Self-Harm
Share openly:
- How often you self-harm
- What methods you use
- How long it’s been happening
- Any medical complications
- Emotional triggers or recent life changes
Important questions to ask:
- "What treatment do you recommend for self-harm?"
- "Do I need therapy, medication, or both?"
- "Should I consider outpatient, IOP, or residential treatment?"
- "How do I manage urges safely?"
- "What should I do if symptoms worsen?"
Your doctor can help create a clear, personalized treatment plan.
